The city's primary resource was the Arno river, providing power and access for the industry (mainly textile industry), and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade. Thank you. Back then, it was called ‘Florentia’ as the Latin language was the primary language of the region. France – L’hexagone 6. [12], Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion,[11] and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor;[13] furthermore, it is a major national economic centre,[11] as well as a tourist and industrial hub. Minors (children aged 18 and less) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners, who numbered 25.95 percent. Compare Search ( Please select at least 2 keywords ) Most Searched Keywords. The capital city of Italy’s Tuscany region, Florence is internationally esteemed for its high concentration of … Get your answers by asking now. Florence's main upscale shopping street is Via de' Tornabuoni, where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels, such as Armani and Bulgari, have their elegant boutiques. It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436, with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527. The country's second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later, after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome. [57], Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe.[58]. The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses, such as Roberto Benigni, Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini. See the fact file below for more information on the Italy or alternatively, you can download our 25-page Italy worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment. [citation needed] The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia, owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers, which was later changed to Florentia ("flowering"). 182. Florence was selected to host the 2013 UCI World Road Cycling Championships. Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts. 114). Florence Nightingale was also an English social reformer and statistician. Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics, ballistics, astronomy, anatomy, and other scientific disciplines. Camilla wasn’t with Charles and the rest of the royal family at church on Christmas. [5] It is considered by many academics[6] to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called "the Athens of the Middle Ages". Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1569–1801 The celebrated Chianti Rufina district, geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region, is also few kilometres east of Florence. Such include the Via Camillo Cavour, one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre; the Via Ghibellina, one of central Florence's longest streets; the Via dei Calzaiuoli, one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria, winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica; the Via de' Tornabuoni, a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita, across Piazza Santa Trinita, characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques; the Viali di Circonvallazione, 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre; as well as others, such as Via Roma, Via degli Speziali, Via de' Cerretani, and the Viale dei Colli. Finland – Land of a Thousand Lakes 5. Florence Cathedral, formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, is the cathedral of Florence, Italy. One of the common nicknames for Florence is Flo. The fountain figure was sculpted and cast by … [28], Florence has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), tending to Mediterranean (Csa). A unique food and wine tour of Florence combining a great food experience from the central fresh market. The fountain figure was sculpted and cast by … Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero, who was, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo in 1469. The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa. Are high school sports in need of radical reform? It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters. "No museum visit, just a photo from the square, the bus back and then on to Venice... We don’t want tourists like that," he said. [71] Medieval art was abstract, formulaic, and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational, mathematical, individualistic, consisted of linear perspective and shading (Chiaroscuro)[71] and produced by specialists (Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Raphael). The centre additionally contains several streets. [88] Dante's masterpiece is the Divine Comedy, which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell, Purgatory and finally Heaven, during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before. After the year 1600, Italian trends prevailed across Europe, by 1750 it was the primary musical language. Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here, such as: The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello, Giambologna, Ammannati and Cellini, although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals. [62] A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the world's 36th most visited in the world, with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year. [53], Manufacturing and commerce, however, still remain highly important. Eastern Roman Empire 553–568 The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity, and the Great Synagogue of Florence, built in the 19th century. Facts and History of Ponte Vecchio. For other uses, see, Savonarola, Machiavelli, and the Medici Popes, Monuments, museums and religious buildings. Cheese and red wine could boost brain health, Struggling Americans fear stimulus won't be enough, Big retailers buoyed by 'once in a lifetime' convergence, Trump won't put aside grudges, even for good news. Nightingale was born to wealthy English parents and proved to be a quick-witted and independent child. [59] Thus, cultural tourism is particularly strong, with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014. Jun 14, 2020 - Are you looking for nicknames for Florence? Bologna has three nicknames which reflect what it is best known for. As of 2009[update], 87.46% of the population was Italian. Welcome to the NicknameDB entry on italia nicknames! Palazzo Medici Riccardi, designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio, of the Medici family, is another major edifice, and was built between 1445 and 1460. The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce. During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation (1943–1944) being part of the Italian Social Republic. But first, it's important to understand how soccer works in Italy. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area. It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact. (Italien Guy names) My parents are finally letting me change my name! Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493 Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1815–1859 By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed by 7 assessors, that is nominated and presieded over by a directly elected Mayor. Firenze is a city in Italy. In the end, he made available to other researchers the data from the Catasto, including the names of all the household heads. Il portale Italiano della Meteorologia", "World Weather Information Service - Florence", "Florence, Italy - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data", "Florence, Italy – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data", "Historic Centre of Florence – UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "Florence Art Tours, Florence Museums, Florence Architecture", "Touring Club Italiano – Dossier Musei 2009", Chinese immigrants to Italy build no ordinary Chinatown, "Economy of Florence twice the national average – The Florentine", "Florence, Italy: Tourist Travel Guide for Holidays in Florence, Firenze, Italy", "15 Best Things to Do in Florence, Italy", Tourists spend more than ever before on cultural destinations, "Study Abroad in Florence Italy – Florentine artisan courses for school groups", "Florence's Uffizi leading the pack in terms of visitors' numbers, after the Colosseum and Pompeii", https://hvs.com/Print/In-Focus-Florence-Italy?id=7942, "Florence: A Record Year for the Tourism Industry – .TR", "Euromonitor International's Top City Destinations Ranking", "Where in Europe are you Most Likely to be a Victim of Pickpocketing? The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art, architecture and culture. If you love fashion, giving your daughter the same first name as Ms. Prada will be fun. Duchy of Florence 1532–1569 Destinations; 15 Top Tourist Attractions in Florence. My niece, however, has a nickname for me that I love, which is . Possible Nicknames. Shortly before leaving Florence, as they knew that they would soon have to retreat, the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly, in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito. You can read all our best posts in this Italy travel [88], In the 14th century, Petrarch[89] and Giovanni Boccaccio[89] led the literary scene in Florence after Dante's death in 1321. The proposals have many nicknames in Brussels, here is my top 5. winter package referring to the release date: 30th of November 2017. There are several other theatres, such as the Saloncino Castinelli, the Teatro Puccini, the Teatro Verdi, the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini. However, at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin, at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence, convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value. The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florence's primary intercity railway station (Santa Maria Novella) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci. He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil, whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell. Baby Name Lists Name Tryouts Name Time Machine Similar Names Rhyming Names Names Combinations. It got it’s “girlfriend of Italy” nickname due to a large amount of southern Italians who, lacking their own Serie A team, became attached to Juventus, the third oldest (and most winning) team in Italy. [25] In early August, the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city, making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza, the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy, by I Medicei, which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri (of Prato) and Firenze Rugby 1931. [24] Cosimo de' Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes. In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation. From A World of Baby Names by Teresa Norman. How do you think about the answers? A History of Western Music. [citation needed] A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today. Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery, one of the finest art museums in the world – founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family. Several monuments are located in Florence: the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics; the cathedral with its sculptures, the medieval churches with bands of frescoes; public as well as private palaces: Palazzo Vecchio, Palazzo Pitti, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Palazzo Davanzati; monasteries, cloisters, refectories; the "Certosa". I was thinking about Phoebe because I think that's a cute name too, but everyone I ask says no. The Teatro della Pergola, located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street, is an opera house built in the 17th century. The same gun and pattern were used in all the murders jumbo package pointing to the thousands of pages. The gallery is articulated in many halls, catalogued by schools and chronological order. .Hanning, Barbara Russano, J. Peter Burkholder, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. Italy (Italian: Italia ()), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [reˈpubːlika itaˈljaːna]), is a country consisting of a continental part, delimited by the Alps and a peninsula surrounded by several islands.Italy is located in south-central Europe, and is considered part of western Europe. Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting. – Essay – Michellekim", "brunelleschi's dome – Brunelleschi's Dome", "Florence, Tuscany Region, Italy – The Duomo, Statue of David, Piazza Dell Signoria", "Florence Art Gallery: Art Galleries and Museums in Florence Area, Italy", "Become a friend of Palazzo Strozzi – Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi – Firenze", "Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo", "Literature in Florence, Florentine Writers and Poets", "Literature in Florence – Petrarch and Boccaccio, Florentine Writers and Poet: Petrarch and Boccaccio", "Assassin's Creed II - The magic of the Renaissance in a video game", "Tuscany italy tuscany tourists guide, travel tips extra virgin olive oil wines and foods of the most beautiful land in the world", "Conde Nast Traveller's guide to shopping in Florence", Calcio Storico Fiorentino (Official site), "Association of American College and University Programs in Italy", "The ZTL – Avoid Restricted Traffic Zones & Fines in Italy – Italy Perfect Travel Blog", "Florence Driving Map, the ZTL explained : Florence on Line", "Tramvia – Il Sistema Tramviario Fiorentino", "Firenze Public Transportation Statistics", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Grandi Stazioni – Firenze S. Maria Novella", "Florence travel information | Holiday apartment near Ducati Museum", "Gemellaggi, Patti di amicizia e di fratellanza", "Twinning Cities: International Relations (NB Florence is listed as 'Firenze')", "Special Note : Professor Silpa Bhirasri's Life and Works", City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto, Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale, Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.), Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence&oldid=994512254, Communes of the Metropolitan City of Florence, Populated places established in the 1st century BC, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, On 23 May 1498, the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.[4]. Similarly, t between vowels is pronounced [θ] as in English thin, and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative [ɸ]. - G5AKJ9 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. [40] In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums, ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums. City Nicknames From Around the World. And I don't like Flo. Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies, including the novels and associated films, such as Light in the Piazza, The Girl Who Couldn't Say No, Calmi Cuori Appassionati, Hannibal, A Room with a View, Tea with Mussolini, Virgin Territory and Inferno. [10] The city's income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests, such as annual fairs, theatrical and lyrical productions, art exhibitions, festivals and fashion shows, such as the Calcio Fiorentino. At the heart of the city, in Piazza della Signoria, is Bartolomeo Ammannati's Fountain of Neptune (1563–1565), which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct. Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras. The Piazza Santa Croce is another; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce, it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year. In 2019, over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university. Florence, was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation, including the beginning and flourishing of opera. Long distance 10 km (6.21 mi) buses are run by the SITA, Copit, and CAP companies. This private tour with an exclusive visit to the Rooftop Terraces of the Duomo in Florence is perfect. Lombard Kingdom 570–773 This large Romanesque crenellated fortress-palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelo's David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi. Recovery from ptsd trauma 4 . Later on he is joined by Beatrice, who guides him through Heaven. Yes, you want the Santa Maria Novella (SMN) station. Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity. He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule. The Palazzo Pitti (The Pitti Palace) is just a big 15th century palace based on the quieter south bank of the Arno River. Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael, Andrea Pisano, Giambologna, Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens. The event originates from the Middle Ages, when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1973. (Source: Wikipedia) Born on May 12, 1820 into a upper-class rich British family at the Villa Colombia, in Italy’s Florence, Florence Nightingale was given the nickname ‘The Lady with the Lamp’. There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor, Marino Marini, in a museum named after him. Notwithstanding its metamorphosis, from noble residence to a state-owned community making, the palace still keeps the air and atmosphere of a personal selection in a grand house. Surprise your sweethearts back home or add to the mealtime Italian lessons you’ll take on a Me + Mom in Tuscany retreat with these popular nicknames for children and special someones. Historically, the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce, and destroying it by flood. Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores.[99]. Florence contains various theatres and cinemas. Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery. Florence's museums, palaces, and churches home a few of the best imaginative treasures in the world. Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946. Other museums and galleries include the Bargello, which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello, Giambologna and Michelangelo; the Palazzo Pitti, containing part of the Medici family's former private collection. Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Florentine dialect, above all the local dialects, was adopted as the basis for a national literary language.[15]. It is the leading financial center and the most prosperous manufacturing and commercial city of Italy. It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, a student of Brunelleschi, that Christopher Columbus used to sell his "enterprise" to the Spanish monarchs, and which he used on his first voyage. Ciccio (chiccho) – For a chubby boy Patato – For a chubby best friend Chicco (kikko) – For an old time friend Chiccino (kikkino) – For a young, old time friend [109] The building, designed by Giovanni Michelucci, was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy. Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm, or before 7.30 am. The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel, the mausoleum of the Medici family—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century. Origin of the name Florence: Medieval English form of the Latin Florentia, which is derived from florens (blooming, flourishing, prosperous). Carolingian Empire 774–797 The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti. We've asked my cousin but she hasn't replied yet. The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the 'Third Italy' in the 1990s, due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile (especially the Vespa) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs. Grout, Donald Jay, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. Among the square's cafés (like Caffè Gilli, Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè), the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers, notably those of Futurism. The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time. The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits.[86]. It spans Arno River, it is made of stone and it is placed at the location where Romans built first bridge in Florence before 994 AD when it was mentioned for the first time. Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814. Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. [90], Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peri's Dafne an opera in the style of monody, was premiered. Perhaps not the most original nickname, but it might well be the most popular. The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time, and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome, and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. At the end of World War II in May 1945, the US Army's Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence, Italy. During the day of Easter, a cart, which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen, is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St. John the Baptist (Battistero di San Giovanni) and the Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city. In 1837 she felt she heard a call from God, though the nature of the calling was unclear. The following are some of the most popular nicknames. La Dotta (The Learned) Bologna University, founded in 1088, is the oldest university in the western world and students came from all over the world to study there. Il Porcellino (Italian "piglet") is the local Florentine nickname for the bronze fountain of a boar Xandra Dekker. The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company. It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar. Florence is a. Touropia Travel Experts. Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century: Leo X and Clement VII. Login Register . Submit your funny nicknames and cool gamertags and copy the best from the list. Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East. As of 31 October 2010[update], the population of the city proper is 370,702, while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence. In centuries to come, the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule, during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines, which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people. Welcome to the NicknameDB entry on italia nicknames! In 1100, Florence was a "Commune", meaning a city state. Ponte Vecchio is closed-spandrel segmental arch bridge in Florence, Italy. How many people have run a marathon 1 . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB. The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence, Italy. [98] Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928. [70], Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art, which lasted from 1450 to 1527. The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app, and end the ride by parking curbside. The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence. The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128. Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city, and to other destinations around Italy and Europe. The Chianti region is just south of the city, and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends. [52], Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence. Aside from such monuments, Florence contains numerous major squares (piazze) and streets. It is surrounded by rolling hills that are covered with villas, vineyards, and orchards. Regnum Italiae 797–1001 [50][51], Tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city. It received this nickname from Amerigo Vespucci who thought the country resembled Venice, Italy. This second line connects Florence's airport with the city centre. Note the same woman might show up with different nicknames in different records. The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century, without a design for the dome. Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux, with the library and reading room. [63], Tourism brings revenue to Florence, but also creates certain problems. (A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged), This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 02:44. [8] From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy (established in 1861). Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area (Faentina railway) and Siena. [54], Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy, where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods, from furniture, rubber goods, chemicals, and food. No one does terms of endearment like Italy. Next, take a cultural tour of the most important squares and churches in Florence; San Lorenzo church, Duomo Complex, Santa Croce Square and church. Kaydolmak ve işlere teklif vermek ücretsizdir. The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano, in Coverciano, Florence, the main training ground of the Italian national team, and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation. Iceland – Land of Fire and Ice 7. [78] The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time. Here 10 are listed. Florence is in the region of Tuscany. Any other nickname ideas? [18], Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD. The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France. The cathedral, topped by Brunelleschi's dome, dominates the Florentine skyline. The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city (Americans about nine kilometres (5.6 miles) south of the city, British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno). Florence is south of Bologna and west of Florence is the Mediterranean Sea. The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011, construction was stopped due to contractors' difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019. Of Italy ( established in 1861 Barbara Russano, J. 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